In water supply systems, pressure management in most cases is proven to be the most cost-effective activity related to water loss control. As an advanced method of pressure control, it is possible to use variable frequency drives for centrifugal pump control. Pressure regulation can be performed with constant pressure or with proportional pressure control. The application of proportional pressure control is particularly applicable in water supply systems as the operating pump performance is constantly adapting the pressure to the actual demand. Along with lower leakage losses, it also results in lower energy consumption and the elimination of non-stationary phenomena, thereby extending the pump lifetime. Therefore, the paper presents a theoretical discussion of the proportional pressure control. Possible savings are shown on the numerical example of water supply system of the city of Velika Gorica.
Resource Theme: Energy
Variable Speed Drive (VSD) for Irrigation Pumping
Pumping water for irrigation can be a major expense for irrigated farms. In 2003 more than 500,000 pumps were used for irrigation, and the total estimated energy cost nationwide was over 15.5 billion dollars. Improving the efficiency of irrigation pumps has many benefits, including improving the profitability of the irrigated farm.
When a single pump is required to operate over a range of flow rates and pressures, standard procedure is to design the pump to meet the greatest output demand of both flow and pressure. For this reason, pumps are often oversized and they will be operating inefficiently over a range of duties. This common situation presents an opportunity to reduce energy requirements by using control methods such as a variable speed drive.
Variable speed pumping: A guide to successful applications.
Pumping systems account for nearly 20% of the world’s energy used by electric motors and 25% to 50% of the total electrical energy usage in certain industrial
facilities. Significant opportunities exist to reduce pumping system energy consumption through smart design, retrofitting, and operating practices. In particular,
the many pumping applications with variable-duty requirements offer great potential for savings. The savings often go well beyond energy, and may include improved performance, improved reliability, and reduced life cycle costs. Most existing systems requiring flow control make use of bypass lines, throttling valves, or pump speed adjustments. The most efficient of these is pump speed control. When a pump’s speed is reduced, less energy is imparted to the fluid and less energy needs to be throttled or bypassed. Speed can be controlled in a number of ways, with the most popular type of variable speed drive (VSD) being the variable frequency drive (VFD). Pump speed adjustment is not appropriate for all pumping systems, however. This overview provides highlights from Variable Speed Pumping — A Guide To Successful Applications, which has been developed by Europump and the Hydraulic Institute as a primer and tool to assist plant owners and designers as well as pump, motor, and drive manufacturers and distributors. When the requirements of a pump and system are understood, the user can consult this guide to help determine whether variable speed pumping is the correct choice. The guide is applicable for both new and retrofit installations and contains flowcharts to assist in the selection process.
Energy efficiency: benefits of variable speed control in pumps, fans and compressors
A large proportion of the electricity produced around the world is used to raise, move or pressurize liquids and gases with machines such as pumps, fans and compressors.
Given the increasing importance of controlling energy consumption, special attention must be paid to the way these machines are operated and the energy savings that can be achieved through variable speed control. These different aspects will be dealt with in this Cahier Technique publication, both from the qualitative and quantitative standpoint. Variable speed drives are among the front-ranking solutions proposed by Schneider Electric to increase Energy efficiency.
A visual tool to calculate optimal control strategy for non-identical pumps working in parallel, taking motor and VSD efficiencies into account
A simple graphical tool was developed, that finds the optimal combination of pumps and their rotational speeds for all possible working points for a pump battery. The tool was integrated into EPANET as well as EPA SWMM simulation packages. The tool allows us to analyse and optimize operation non-identical parallel pumps with different minimum and maximum frequencies for all possible working points. Pump characteristics and efficiency curves can be given in tabular format or as analytical functions of flow. Degradation of pump efficiency at lower rotational speed is taken into account, as well as motor and variable speed drive efficiencies at partial loads. The optimal solution provided by the tool was compared to measurements in two case studies. Our case studies showed 6.1–8.5% reduction in energy usage using the optimal parallel pumping control strategy compared to the currently used strategy, where all running pumps have the same frequency
Detailed dynamic pumping energy models for optimization and control of wastewater applications
Despite the increasing level of detail in wastewater treatment process models, oversimplified energy consumption models (i.e. constant ‘average’ power consumption) are being used in optimization exercises. A new dynamic model for a more accurate prediction of pumping costs in wastewater treatment has been developed to overcome this unbalance in the coupled submodels. The model is calibrated using two case studies. The first case study concerns the centrifugal influent pumps (Nijhuis RW1-400 · 525A) of the municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Eindhoven (The Netherlands), governed by Waterboard De Dommel. For the second case study, concerning a centrifugal pump (Flygt, type NT3153 · 181) of the intermediate pumping station (pumping primary treated wastewater) of the Mekolalde WWTP, located in Bergara (Guipúzcoa, Spain), a model extension was necessary in order to allow a better description of the pump curve, making the model more generic. Both cases showed good agreement between the model predictions and the measured data of energy consumption. The model is thus far more accurate compared with other approaches to quantify energy consumption, paving the way towards ‘global’ process optimization and new, improved control strategies for energy reduction at WWTPs.
MONTEIRO, M.A.G.; MONACHESI, M.G. Eficiência energética em sistemas de bombeamento. Rio de Janeiro, Eletrobras; Procel, 2005. 86 p. (Manual Prático)
MONTEIRO, M.A.G.; MONACHESI, M.G. Eficiência energética em sistemas de bombeamento. Rio de Janeiro, Eletrobras; Procel, 2005. 86 p. (Manual Prático)
Please note that this text is in Portuguese
Energy Efficiency in the Water Industry: A Compendium of Best Practices and Case Studies – Global Report
Over the last decade, energy consumption by the water sector has increased considerably as a consequence of the implementation of new technologies to meet new potable water and effluent quality standards. The price of energy has also substantially increased and these increases will be compounded by the need for additional energy intensive processes to achieve more exacting regulatory requirements.
This Compendium draws together the best practice in energy efficient design and operation of water industry assets. The book identifies the developments and future opportunities by detailed examination of current best practice and technologies:
It illustrates incremental improvements in energy efficiency through optimisation of existing assets and operations. More substantial improvements in energy efficiency from the adoption of novel technologies. Successful case studies based on results of full scale operations. This compendium is an invaluable reference for water engineers, utility managers, and water and energy professionals.
Water and wastewater energy best practice guidebook
Water and wastewater energy best practice guidebook.
Performance evaluation of the ‘pump as turbine’ based micro-hydro project in Kinko village, Tanzania
Performance Evaluation of the “Pump as Turbine” Based Micro Hydro Project in KINKO Village, Tanzania