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Information on biogas, assessment of emissions and infrastructure

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Install anaerobic digestion

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Use the biogas production to produce energy for powering various process-mechanical equipment.

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The method of cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) is a key solution to improve energy efficiency and thus to reduce CO2 emissions at a WWTP. A CHP plant consists of an electrical generator combined with equipment for recovering and using the heat produced by that generator. The generator can be a prime mover such as a gas turbine or a reciprocating engine. Alternatively, it may consist of a steam turbine generating power from high pressure steam produced in a boiler. Normally depending on the efficiency factor 30-40% electricity and 60-70% heat can be generated out of 100% biogas. The heat produced at the WWTP is normally used to heat up the digesters depending on the process (mesophilic or thermophilic treatment) to 37° or 50°C. Nowadays heat can also be used in new sludge treatment concepts such as sludge pre-treatment (e.g. hydrolysis) which needs temperatures between 40°C up to 160°C (depending on the process).

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If the WWTP will have surplus heat and internal usage of heat is covered the possibility to supply the neighbouring areas with the heat produced during the treatment is possible.

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Municipal wastewater treatment in Europe currently requires a significant amount of energy to eliminate organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from the sewage prior to its discharge to receiving waters. Under the assumption of an average electricity demand of 32 kWh per capita and year for large wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as current benchmark , the municipal wastewater sector within the European Union (EU) consumes at least 16,000 Gigawatthours (GWh) per year for its service, which is equivalent to the annual power generation of two large (1,000 Megawatt) power plants. By using the chemical energy content (as COD ) as well as having the right combination of technologies to require also finally also the limiting values for discharging (which is the first goal of a wastewater treatment plant) your WWTP can become energy-neutral or even energy positive.

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Temperature of water in sewers often varies between 15 and 25 degrees C. It represents a major pathway of heat loss from modern buildings. Through the installation of heat exchangers in large sewers or at the treatment plant, a small portion of this thermal energy can be recovered and used by heat pumps for local heating of buildings.

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Global management solutions, guidelines or general information of interest.

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The timely rehabilitation/substitution replacement of pipes and service connections enables the reduction of minimizes the number of unplanned repairs and water loss in the water abstraction system; hence, its energy and GHG emissions. An Proactive Infrastructure Asset Management aims at this.

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Use of supervisory, control, and data acquisition (SCADA) system for monitoring, supervision and controlling of pumping systems can help minimize energy consumption of GHG emissions. It includes measurements in real time of water levels, pressures, flows, energy consumption and other operational parameters. It also helps to adjust and control the pump station operation, contributing to fight water losses or infiltrations, reduce pumping during energy peak hours and adjust pumping volumes to the needs of the system. The SCADA systems provide utility managers with access to real-time operating data and can help offset the higher operating costs by minimizing unplanned downtime and improving maintenance plans. The SCADA system can also be used to optimize pumping in real-time through advanced pump optimization software and control, or through either a model-based or knowledge-based optimization that is implemented via a rule-based system programmed into the SCADA system. This type of optimization entails the use of algorithms to determine the best pumping scheme for a given situation. This can incorporate the peak energy times previously referenced, but also a prioritization of which pumps or pumping stations are used to maximize efficiency whenever possible. For example, if only a certain volume is demanded, then the SCADA system will first operate the most efficient pumps or pumping stations to meet the demand until greater capacity or more pumps are needed.

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A SCADA enables the remote monitoring and control of the whole system, or parts of it, and processes information to generate alarms, reports, graphs or other outputs essential to operation and maintenance. By enabling the remote control of valves and pumps, the SCADA systems allows faster responses in emergency situations, such as fires or pipe bursts. Remote control, gathered with the system’s monitoring, can also lead to a reduction of human resources and travelling needs, especially those related to the operation of electromechanical equipment.

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A SCADA enables the remote monitoring and control of the whole system, or parts of it, and processes information to generate alarms, reports, graphs or other outputs essential to operation and maintenance. By enabling the remote control of valves and pumps, the SCADA systems allows faster responses in emergency situations, such as fires or pipe bursts. Remote control, gathered with the system’s monitoring, can also lead to a reduction of human resources and travelling needs, especially those related to the operation of electromechanical equipment.

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Sludge is a source of GHG emissions. By further treating the sludge in digesters, biogas can be produced and collected while emission to the atmosphere are reduced.

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Surface aerators or diffused aerators are possible. They improve the oxygen uptake as well as flow patterns in the lagoon and accelerate and enhance thereby the biological processes.

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Optimize sidestream processes

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The development of aerobic granules has several advantages, these include good biomass retention, the ability to withstand shock and toxic loadings, and the presence of both aerobic and anoxic zones inside the granules which can simultaneously permit different treatment processes to occur.

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Use of wastewater treatment process modelling software to identify opportunities for optimizing process and reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions

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An optimal control of the state of the mobile parts inside the pump as impeller can prevent some breakdowns in the pumps, and also a good maintenance of these parts keep the pumping efficiency in high levels.

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Adequate the pumps, and pump conditions to local in order to optimize resources and equipment.

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Replacement of old pumps and motors helps to increase the overall efficiency of the pumping systems. New high efficiency electrical motors and pumps is available for any type of application: from chemical pumps to big water centrifugal pumps.

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Automatic Pump Controllers make it possible to operate a rainwater system without a large pressure tank, pressure switch, and float switch. In the simplest design, the bottom inlet connects to the pump, the top outlet connects to the plumbing system, and the pump is plugged into the controller which is in turn plugged into to an electrical receptacle. When a faucet is opened, the controller senses the drop in line pressure and instantly turns on the pump to re-pressurize the line. If no water is available, the controller shuts down the pump to prevent dry-run damage.

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Based upon the system head conditions, pumps may be able to pump at higher rates than needed when operating at 100% motor speed. This flow rate can be controlled by one of two ways, throttling the pump with a valve if the pump is a constant speed pump, or changing the motor speed with a variable speed drive. The former is only energy efficient if the higher flow operating point of the pump without throttling is to the right of the best efficiency point on the pump performance curve, and the throttling results in reducing the flow to a point closer to the best efficiency point on the pump curve. Otherwise, throttling the pump can result in using more energy than at the higher flow, as well as wasting energy because you end up using more energy than is needed. When the demand on the system fluctuates significantly, the pumping rate can be controlled automatically by varying the speed of the motor with a variable frequency drive (VFD), such that the pump output matches only what is needed to meet demands or the intended pumping conditions. The pump’s flow rate then increases or decreases based upon the affinity laws and the controlled speed of the motor. This way lower pumping rates can be achieved, which may result in lower efficiency than those at full motor speed; however, the energy consumption is still lower because the energy requirements to pump lower flows at lower heads are lower.

Description

Use of supervisory, control, and data acquisition (SCADA) system for monitoring, supervision and controlling of pumping systems can help minimize energy consumption of GHG emissions. It includes measurements in real time of water levels, pressures, flows, energy consumption and other operational parameters. It also helps to adjust and control the pump station operation, contributing to fight water losses or infiltrations, reduce pumping during energy peak hours and adjust pumping volumes to the needs of the system. The SCADA systems provide utility managers with access to real-time operating data and can help offset the higher operating costs by minimizing unplanned downtime and improving maintenance plans. The SCADA system can also be used to optimize pumping in real-time through advanced pump optimization software and control, or through either a model-based or knowledge-based optimization that is implemented via a rule-based system programmed into the SCADA system. This type of optimization entails the use of algorithms to determine the best pumping scheme for a given situation. This can incorporate the peak energy times previously referenced, but also a prioritization of which pumps or pumping stations are used to maximize efficiency whenever possible. For example, if only a certain volume is demanded, then the SCADA system will first operate the most efficient pumps or pumping stations to meet the demand until greater capacity or more pumps are needed.

Description

A SCADA enables the remote monitoring and control of the whole system, or parts of it, and processes information to generate alarms, reports, graphs or other outputs essential to operation and maintenance. By enabling the remote control of valves and pumps, the SCADA systems allows faster responses in emergency situations, such as fires or pipe bursts. Remote control, gathered with the system’s monitoring, can also lead to a reduction of human resources and travelling needs, especially those related to the operation of electromechanical equipment.

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Variable speed drives (frequency inverters) to control pumps/ electrical motors speed, allow adjusting the pumping flow and head to the demand treatment and/ or consumption. It makes it possible to adjust the flow depending on the demand hour/ day/ month/ season. Reducing pump/ electric motor speed to operate the pump at its maximum efficiency point results in reducing energy consumption per m3 pumped.

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Filter presses can be more efficient than sludge centrifugation.

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Screw press can be more efficient than sludge centrifugation.

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